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In a cave in Jujuy, northern Argentina, archaeologists found two pipes carved from puma bone, with seeds of cebil, a tree whose seeds are psychoactive, lying beside them. Chemical traces inside the pipes point to plant smoking more than 4,000 years ago, among the oldest evidence of such use in South America.

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Cebil, Anadenanthera colubrina, is a South American tree whose seeds contain tryptamines, compounds that strongly alter perception; further north in the Andes it is called vilca. The pipes come from Inca Cueva 7, a small rock shelter near the Humahuaca valley at the edge of the high Andean plateau, where seeds of cebil and of mesquite lay in the same layer. Radiocarbon measurements, which gauge how much of the carbon-14 in once-living material has decayed, give ages of about 4,000 years, roughly 2100 BC. The residue shows that a tryptamine-bearing plant was smoked, but it cannot prove exactly which one. Cebil use continued in the region for thousands of years: Wichí healers in northern Argentina still used its seeds, which they call hatáj, in the 1990s.

Türkçe oku
Kuzey Arjantin'in Jujuy bölgesindeki bir mağarada arkeologlar puma kemiğinden oyulmuş iki pipo buldu; yanlarında, algıyı değiştiren cebil ağacının tohumları da vardı. Pipoların içindeki kimyasal izler, 4.000 yılı aşkın süre önce psikoaktif bir bitkinin tüttürüldüğüne işaret ediyor. Bu, Güney Amerika'daki böyle bir kullanımın en eski kanıtları arasında.

Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina), tohumlarında algıyı güçlü biçimde değiştiren triptamin bileşikleri bulunan bir Güney Amerika ağacıdır; And Dağları'nın daha kuzeyinde vilca diye anılır. Pipolar, And Dağları'ndaki yüksek platonun kenarında, Humahuaca vadisi yakınlarındaki küçük bir kaya sığınağı olan Inca Cueva 7'de bulundu; aynı katmanda cebil ve meskit ağacının tohumları da vardı. Bir zamanlar canlı olan maddelerdeki karbon-14'ün ne kadarının bozunduğunu ölçen radyokarbon yöntemi, yaklaşık 4.000 yıllık, yani MÖ 2100 dolaylarına ait yaşlar verdi. Kalıntılar triptamin içeren bir bitkinin tüttürüldüğünü gösteriyor, ama tam olarak hangi bitki olduğunu kanıtlayamıyor. Bölgede cebil kullanımı binlerce yıl sürdü: Kuzey Arjantin'deki Wichí halkının şifacıları, “hatáj” dedikleri bu tohumları 1990'larda hâlâ kullanıyordu.

Sources and further reading

Background reading: Anadenanthera colubrina
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