Oil paint is pigment ground in a drying oil such as linseed. It stays workable for days, so painters can blend soft transitions and build up thin, glowing layers. Netherlandish painters such as Jan van Eyck made it the main medium for pictures in the 15th century, and it soon spread across Europe.

Art history

ArtHistory

The story behind the card

Before oil, most European panel pictures were painted in egg tempera, which dries within minutes and has to be built up in small strokes. Oil does not dry by evaporating: it slowly reacts with oxygen in the air and hardens. That made glazes possible, thin transparent layers laid one over another so that light passes through them and reflects back from the white ground beneath, which gives skin and fabric their glow in paintings such as van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait of 1434. Van Eyck did not invent oil paint, as the 16th-century writer Giorgio Vasari claimed. The oldest known oil paintings are Buddhist murals of about AD 650 in the caves of Bamiyan, Afghanistan, and a monk writing as Theophilus described oil painting in the early 12th century. In Venice, where sailcloth was easy to find, painters such as Titian moved from wooden panels to canvas in the 16th century.

Türkçe oku
Yağlı boya, keten tohumu yağı gibi zamanla kuruyan bir yağla karılmış toz boyadır. Günlerce işlenebildiği için ressam renkleri yumuşakça birbirine geçirebilir, ince ve ışıltılı katmanları üst üste koyabilir. 15. yüzyılda Jan van Eyck gibi Flaman ressamlar onu başlıca resim malzemesi yaptı.

Yağlı boyadan önce Avrupa'da ahşap pano resimlerinin çoğu, birkaç dakikada kuruyan ve küçük fırça darbeleriyle işlenmesi gereken yumurtalı tempera ile yapılırdı. Yağlı boya buharlaşarak kurumaz; havadaki oksijenle yavaş yavaş tepkimeye girip sertleşir. Bu sayede ressam boyayı ince, saydam katmanlar hâlinde üst üste sürebildi: Bu katmanlardan geçen ışık alttaki beyaz zeminden geri yansır ve van Eyck'in 1434 tarihli Arnolfini Portresi'nde olduğu gibi tenlere ve kumaşlara ışıltı verir. 16. yüzyıl yazarı Giorgio Vasari'nin iddia ettiği gibi yağlı boyayı van Eyck icat etmedi. Bilinen en eski yağlı boya resimler, Afganistan'daki Bamiyan mağaralarında bulunan, yaklaşık MS 650'den kalma Budist duvar resimleridir; Theophilus adıyla yazan bir keşiş de 12. yüzyılın başlarında yağlı boyayla resim yapmayı anlatmıştır. Yelken bezinin kolay bulunduğu Venedik'te, Tiziano gibi ressamlar 16. yüzyılda ahşap panodan tuvale geçti.

Sources and further reading

Background reading: Oil painting
Next card in the archiveMichelangelo's David, 5.17 metres tall, was carved in Florence between 1501 and 1504 from a single block of marble that other sculptors had begun and abandoned decades earlier. Michelangelo, then 26, turned the awkward, already-cut block into the first giant marble statue since ancient times.Read next →