Ikigai Daily
Menu
WonderHistory fact

In 1917 two cousins in Cottingley, Yorkshire, Elsie Wright, 16, and Frances Griffiths, 9, photographed themselves with fairies cut from card and held up with hatpins. In 1920 Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, published the pictures as proof that fairies exist.

Cottingley, Yorkshire, 1917

HistoryArt

The story behind the card

The girls said they took the pictures to prove they had been playing with fairies by the beck, the local word for a stream. Elsie copied the figures from drawings by Claude Shepperson in Princess Mary's Gift Book, a popular children's book, and added wings. Conan Doyle, a committed spiritualist, used the photographs, and three more the cousins took in 1920, in an article for the Christmas 1920 issue of The Strand Magazine. Some readers were convinced; others suspected fakes. In 1983, as elderly women, the cousins admitted the hoax, though both said they had really seen fairies, and Frances insisted the fifth photograph was genuine. The pictures and cameras are now at the National Science and Media Museum in Bradford.

Türkçe oku
1917'de Yorkshire'daki Cottingley köyünde 16 yaşındaki Elsie Wright ile kuzeni, 9 yaşındaki Frances Griffiths, kartondan kesip şapka iğneleriyle ayakta tuttukları perilerle fotoğraf çekti. Sherlock Holmes'un yaratıcısı Arthur Conan Doyle, 1920'de bu fotoğrafları perilerin var olduğunun kanıtı olarak yayımladı.
Cottingley, Yorkshire, 1917

Kızlar fotoğrafları, dere kenarında perilerle oynadıklarını kanıtlamak için çektiklerini söylemişti. Elsie figürleri, dönemin sevilen çocuk kitaplarından Princess Mary's Gift Book'taki Claude Shepperson çizimlerinden kopyalamış, onlara kanat eklemişti. Spiritizme gönülden bağlı olan Conan Doyle, bu fotoğrafları ve kuzenlerin 1920'de çektiği üç yeni fotoğrafı The Strand Magazine'in 1920 Noel sayısındaki yazısında kullandı. Bazı okurlar ikna oldu, bazıları sahtelikten kuşkulandı. Kuzenler 1983'te, artık yaşlı birer kadınken aldatmacayı itiraf etti; yine de ikisi de perileri gerçekten gördüklerini söyledi, Frances da beşinci fotoğrafın gerçek olduğunda diretti. Fotoğraflar ve fotoğraf makineleri bugün Bradford'daki Ulusal Bilim ve Medya Müzesi'nde.

Sources and further reading

Background reading: Cottingley Fairies
Get the mobile appAbout our cards

Related cards

These cards share a subject or reading mode with the card above.

WonderHistory

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) filled his notebooks with inventions: flying machines, a parachute, an armoured vehicle, a vast stone bridge. Very few were built in his lifetime, and many could not have worked with the materials of his day.

Leonardo kept notes almost daily, and thousands of his pages survive, mixing anatomy, rivers and bird flight with grocery lists. In the short Codex on the Flight of Birds, written around 1505 and now in Turin, he studied how birds use the air and sketched machines to copy them. Some of his ideas have since been tested. In 2000 the British skydiver Adrian Nicholas made a safe descent under a parachute built to Leonardo's pyramid-shaped design. In 1502 Leonardo offered the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II a single stone arch 240 metres long across the Golden Horn in Istanbul. It was never built, but in 2001 a smaller wooden version opened as a footbridge in Ås, Norway, and in 2019 engineers at MIT built a scale model and found that the design would have stood.

Ikigai DailyRead card
WonderHistory

Magna Carta, Latin for “Great Charter”, was sealed by King John of England at Runnymede, beside the Thames, on 15 June 1215 to make peace with rebel barons. It promised swift justice and protection from unlawful imprisonment, and put limits on the king's power in writing.

The peace did not last. Neither side kept its promises, Pope Innocent III annulled the charter in August 1215, and the First Barons' War broke out. After John died in 1216, the advisers ruling for his nine-year-old son, Henry III, reissued a shortened version. It was issued again in 1217 and 1225, and in 1297 Edward I made it part of English statute law. Its most famous clause, number 39 in the 1215 text, promised that no free man would be imprisoned or stripped of his rights except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land. Four copies of the 1215 charter survive: two at the British Library, one at Lincoln Castle and one at Salisbury Cathedral. Three of its clauses, as reissued in 1297, are still law in England and Wales.

Ikigai DailyRead card
WonderHistory

The Protestant Reformation spread fast partly thanks to printing. From 1517 onwards Martin Luther's writings came off the presses as short, cheap pamphlets, many of them in German rather than Latin; in the first third of the 16th century, about one in five works printed in Germany was his.

The Reformation was the 16th-century movement that split Western Christianity and created Protestant churches independent of Rome. It is usually dated from 31 October 1517, when Luther, a monk and university teacher in Wittenberg, circulated his Ninety-five Theses against the sale of indulgences, certificates the Church sold to reduce the punishment for sins. A century earlier the Czech reformer Jan Hus had made similar criticisms and was executed in 1415; the historian Lyndal Roper argues that print is the main reason Luther escaped the same fate. Johannes Gutenberg's movable-type printing, developed in the mid-15th century, made short pamphlets cheap, and presses were scattered across many German towns, so no single authority could stop them. Towns with a printing press were more likely to adopt the Reformation. As most people could not read, Luther's friend the painter Lucas Cranach the Elder made woodcut pictures that put his ideas into images.

Ikigai DailyRead card
WonderHistory

In August 1947 British rule in India ended and the land was divided along religious lines into two countries: India, with a Hindu majority, and Pakistan, with a Muslim majority. Between 12 and 20 million people had to leave their homes, in one of the largest migrations in history.

Pakistan became independent on 14 August 1947 and India on 15 August. Pakistan was made of two separate parts with India in between; the eastern part broke away in 1971 and became Bangladesh. Two large provinces with mixed populations, Punjab in the west and Bengal in the east, were split between the new states. The border was drawn by Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer who had never been to India and was given about five weeks for the task. It was published only on 17 August, two days after independence, so on independence day many people in the border districts did not know which country they were in. Hindus and Sikhs moved towards India and Muslims towards Pakistan, many on foot or in packed trains. There was terrible violence on both sides; estimates of the dead range from 200,000 to two million.

Ikigai DailyRead card
WonderArt

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) was a master of counterpoint: writing several independent melodies that sound at the same time and fit together. In a fugue, one short theme enters again and again in different voices, following strict rules. That precision is why his music can sound mathematical, while it still moves listeners.

Bach's rules could be very strict. In his Goldberg Variations, published in 1741, an opening aria is followed by 30 variations, and every third one is a canon, in which a second voice repeats the first a little later. The gap in pitch between the two voices grows by one step each time, from the same note in variation 3 to nine notes apart in variation 27. In The Art of Fugue, left unfinished at his death, the last fugue brings in a theme that spells his own name in German note letters: B flat, A, C and B natural, written B, A, C, H. After he died his style was thought old-fashioned, yet composers kept studying it; Mozart and Beethoven both learned from his Well-Tempered Clavier. In 1829 the young Felix Mendelssohn conducted the St Matthew Passion in Berlin, starting a wider Bach revival.

BritannicaRead card
Next card in the archiveIn 1912 remains from a gravel pit at Piltdown in Sussex were presented as 'Piltdown Man', a missing link between apes and humans. Only in 1953 was it shown to be a fake: a medieval human skull with an orangutan's jaw, filed down and stained to look ancient.Read next →