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WonderGene-culture coevolution fact

Most adults in the world make little lactase, the enzyme that digests milk sugar, after childhood. In several peoples with a long history of dairy farming, genetic changes that keep the enzyme working for life spread through natural selection, a trait called lactase persistence.

Lactase persistence

EvolutionBiologyFoodCultureScience

The story behind the card

In Europe the most common variant sits in a stretch of DNA that switches the lactase gene (LCT) on and off; a widely cited estimate puts its first spread at roughly 7,500 years ago. Different mutations with the same effect arose independently among cattle herders in East Africa and pastoralists in the Middle East, so evolution reached one solution several times. Scientists call this gene-culture coevolution: a cultural habit, keeping animals for milk, changed which genes helped people survive. The story is more complicated than it first looked. A 2022 study in Nature found that Europeans used milk for thousands of years while the variant stayed rare, and suggested it spread fastest in famines and epidemics, when milk could make people without it seriously ill.

Türkçe oku
Dünyadaki yetişkinlerin çoğu, çocukluktan sonra süt şekerini sindiren laktaz enzimini çok az üretir. Uzun süredir süt hayvancılığı yapan bazı toplumlarda ise enzimi ömür boyu çalışır tutan gen değişiklikleri doğal seçilimle yayıldı. Bu özelliğe laktaz kalıcılığı denir.

Avrupa'da en sık görülen varyant, laktaz genini (LCT) açıp kapatan bir DNA bölgesinde bulunur; yaygın kabul gören bir tahmine göre yaklaşık 7.500 yıl önce yayılmaya başladı. Aynı etkiyi yapan farklı mutasyonlar, Doğu Afrika'daki sığır çobanları ve Orta Doğu'daki göçebe hayvancılar arasında birbirinden bağımsız olarak ortaya çıktı; yani evrim aynı çözüme birkaç kez ulaştı. Bilim insanları buna gen-kültür birlikte evrimi der: Süt için hayvan beslemek gibi kültürel bir alışkanlık, hangi genlerin insanlara hayatta kalma avantajı sağlayacağını değiştirdi. Hikâye ilk göründüğünden daha karmaşık. Nature dergisinde 2022'de yayımlanan bir çalışma, Avrupalıların binlerce yıl süt kullandığı hâlde bu varyantın uzun süre seyrek kaldığını gösterdi. Araştırmacılara göre varyant en hızlı kıtlık ve salgın dönemlerinde yayıldı; bu dönemlerde süt, laktaz kalıcılığı olmayanları ağır biçimde hasta edebiliyordu.

Sources and further reading

Background reading: Lactase persistence
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