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Q0423The first programmers were often women — from Ada Lovelace to the ENIAC operators — long before coding was seen as a male field. The story began the other way around.
Q0425Bletchley Park broke multiple German cipher systems. Turing's Enigma/Bombe work was separate from Colossus, which Tommy Flowers built for Lorenz messages; together, these efforts helped shape early computing.
Q0426ARPANET started as a research network linking a small number of computers. Decades later, the same basic idea of connected networks sits behind video calls, payments, search, schoolwork and public life across the world. The personal comparison is easy: your phone now reaches farther than early network rooms. The lesson is that infrastructure can start as an experiment.
Q0427Tim Berners-Lee built the World Wide Web at CERN in 1989 so physicists could share documents — a tool for scientists that quietly became a tool for everyone.
Q0429Your body is not built from thousands of separate instruction books. Most cells carry the same basic DNA, then switch different genes on or off for their job. This matters anywhere because it explains growth, healing, disease and modern medicine. A life can change without rewriting the whole script; sometimes the key is which part gets read.
Q0430The discovery matters because it changed the scale and speed of genetic research. CRISPR is used to study disease, improve crops and explore therapies that once belonged mostly to speculation. Its power also brings hard questions: which edits should be allowed, who benefits, and where medicine ends and redesign begins.
Q0432Steam power helped work move from muscle, wind and water towards engines that could run factories, ships and railways. That changed where people lived, how goods travelled and how quickly cities grew. Anywhere industry arrived, it also brought disruption. The lesson is that a machine can reorganise a whole society around it.
Q0433Before the telegraph, a message could travel only as fast as a body carrying it. Electric signals changed that: news, prices and instructions could cross long distances in minutes instead of days or weeks. Every modern instant message descends from that break. Once information escaped transport, the world started feeling smaller.
Q0434A written report asks you to imagine. A photograph puts a face, street or wound in front of you. From family portraits to war images, photography gave ordinary people and global events a new kind of evidence. The so-what is moral as much as technical: visibility can change what societies are willing to notice.
Q0435Before anaesthesia, surgery meant speed and agony. Ether and chloroform in the 1840s made operations survivable and calm — turning a last resort into real medicine.
Q0436Vaccination began in 1796 when Edward Jenner used cowpox to protect against smallpox. Nearly two centuries later, in 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated — the first, and still only, human disease wiped out. The win came not from vaccines alone but from relentless surveillance: finding each case, tracing contacts and vaccinating in a ring around every outbreak.
Q0437Radio let a single voice reach millions of homes at once — carrying music and news, but also propaganda, and giving the 20th century a powerful new instrument of persuasion.
Q0438Early television looked small and experimental, but the medium later carried elections, moon landings, wars, football matches and everyday entertainment into living rooms. It mattered globally because millions could watch the same moment at once. Your phone inherited that habit of shared attention. The screen did not just show culture; it helped organise it.
Q0439The Manhattan Project built the first nuclear weapons during the Second World War, ending it and opening the atomic age — science that permanently changed global politics.
Q0440In 1953 Watson and Crick, building on Rosalind Franklin's images, revealed DNA's double helix — the structure that showed how life copies and passes on its instructions.
Q0441The 1986 Chernobyl disaster showed the cost of secrecy and flawed design: a reactor explosion spread radiation across Europe and shook trust in official reassurances.
Q0442A smartphone can replace a camera, map, music player, notebook, bank branch, newspaper and ticket machine. That compression matters globally because the same small object now mediates work, money, memory and relationships. It is useful, powerful and exhausting. The lesson is that convenience also concentrates dependency.
Q0443On 16 December 1947 Bell Labs built the first transistor — a tiny switch that replaced bulky vacuum tubes and made possible every computer and phone that followed.
Q0445On 29 October 1969 ARPANET sent its first message; the system crashed after two letters of 'LOGIN', so the first word online was simply 'LO' — a humble internet birth.
Q0446Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email in 1971 and picked '@' to separate the user from the host — reviving a near-forgotten symbol that is now everywhere.
Q0447IBM's RAMAC 350 in 1956 was the first commercial hard drive, storing 5 MB in a cabinet the size of a wardrobe — a phone today holds thousands of times more in a pocket.
Q0448In 1958–59 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently invented the integrated circuit — packing many components onto one chip, the leap that made modern electronics possible.
Q0449Intel's 4004 in 1971 was the first commercial microprocessor — a whole computer's brain on one chip with 2,300 transistors, ancestor of the billions in today's phones.
Q0450Linux began in 1991 as a student's hobby, freely shared. Today it quietly runs most of the world's servers, phones and supercomputers — open collaboration at planetary scale.
