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An adult body replaces about 330 billion cells every day, around 80 grams of cells, according to a 2021 estimate by scientists at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Close to nine in ten of those cells are blood cells.

Nature Medicine, 2021

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Ron Sender and Ron Milo combined the number, mass and lifespan of every major cell type in the body. Short-lived cells dominate the count. Red blood cells live about four months, and neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, only days, so the bone marrow must make vast numbers of them every day. By mass, the largest shares come from blood cells and from the cells lining the gut, which are shed and replaced within days. At this pace, a number of cells equal to all the roughly 30 trillion human cells in the body is replaced in about three months. That does not mean the whole body is renewed: most nerve cells in the brain last a lifetime, and heart muscle cells are replaced only very slowly.

Türkçe oku
Yetişkin bir insan vücudu her gün yaklaşık 330 milyar hücreyi yeniler; bu, 80 gram kadar hücre demektir. Bu rakamlar, Weizmann Bilim Enstitüsü'nden bilim insanlarının 2021'de yayımladığı bir çalışmadan geliyor. Yenilenen hücrelerin onda dokuza yakını kan hücresidir.
Nature Medicine, 2021

Ron Sender ve Ron Milo bu hesabı, vücuttaki başlıca hücre türlerinin sayısını, kütlesini ve ömrünü bir araya getirerek yaptı. Sayıca en çok yenilenenler kısa ömürlü hücrelerdir. Alyuvarlar yaklaşık dört ay yaşar; en yaygın akyuvar türü olan nötrofillerin ömrü ise yalnızca birkaç gündür. Bu yüzden kemik iliği her gün bu hücrelerden muazzam sayıda üretmek zorundadır. Kütle bakımından en büyük payı kan hücreleri ile birkaç gün içinde dökülüp yenilenen bağırsak iç yüzeyi hücreleri alır. Bu hızla, vücuttaki yaklaşık 30 trilyon insan hücresinin toplamı kadar hücre üç ay kadar içinde yenilenmiş olur. Ama bu, bedenin baştan sona yenilendiği anlamına gelmez: Beyindeki sinir hücrelerinin çoğu ömür boyu yaşar, kalp kası hücreleri de çok yavaş yenilenir.

Sources and further reading

Background reading: Cell (biology)
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The idea that the face can feed back into feelings, called the facial feedback hypothesis, goes back to Charles Darwin and William James. In a famous 1988 experiment, Fritz Strack and colleagues had people hold a pen in their teeth, which forces a smile, or between their lips, which prevents one, and those in the first group rated cartoons as funnier. In 2016, seventeen laboratories repeated that experiment exactly and found no effect. A 2019 review of 138 studies concluded that the effect is real but small and varies from study to study. The 2022 Many Smiles Collaboration, led by Nicholas Coles and designed jointly by supporters and sceptics of the idea, found that deliberate smiling could both strengthen and start feelings of happiness, while the pen method remained inconclusive.

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A 2016 estimate found that a typical adult man weighing 70 kg has about 30 trillion human cells and 38 trillion bacteria. That overturned the old claim that bacteria outnumber our own cells ten to one: the two numbers are roughly equal.

The estimate comes from Ron Sender, Shai Fuchs and Ron Milo of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. Their reference man is 20 to 30 years old, 170 cm tall and weighs 70 kg. The ten-to-one figure, they found, went back to a single rough calculation from 1972 that had been repeated for decades. Almost all the bacteria live in the colon, the last part of the gut, and together they weigh only about 0.2 kg. Among human cells, red blood cells dominate the count, making up about 84 per cent, while fat and muscle cells, far fewer but much larger, make up most of the body's cell mass. The balance also shifts through the day: a single trip to the toilet empties a quarter to a third of the colon's contents.

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Next card in the archiveBone is living tissue. In adults about a tenth of the skeleton is broken down and rebuilt each year, so most of it is renewed over roughly ten years; in a baby's first year, almost all of it is.Read next →