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Deliberately smiling can make people feel slightly happier. In 2022 a study of nearly 4,000 people in 19 countries found that posing a smile, or copying a smiling face, raised reported happiness a little; a subtler method, holding a pen between the teeth, gave less clear results.

Nature Human Behaviour, 2022

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The idea that the face can feed back into feelings, called the facial feedback hypothesis, goes back to Charles Darwin and William James. In a famous 1988 experiment, Fritz Strack and colleagues had people hold a pen in their teeth, which forces a smile, or between their lips, which prevents one, and those in the first group rated cartoons as funnier. In 2016, seventeen laboratories repeated that experiment exactly and found no effect. A 2019 review of 138 studies concluded that the effect is real but small and varies from study to study. The 2022 Many Smiles Collaboration, led by Nicholas Coles and designed jointly by supporters and sceptics of the idea, found that deliberate smiling could both strengthen and start feelings of happiness, while the pen method remained inconclusive.

Türkçe oku
Bilerek gülümsemek insanı biraz daha mutlu hissettirebilir. 2022'de 19 ülkede 4.000'e yakın kişiyle yapılan bir araştırmada, gülümser gibi yapan ya da gülümseyen bir yüzü taklit eden katılımcılar kendilerini biraz daha mutlu hissettiklerini söyledi. Dişlerin arasında kalem tutmak gibi dolaylı bir yöntemin sonucu ise net değildi.
Nature Human Behaviour, 2022

Yüz ifadesinin duyguları etkileyebileceği fikrine “yüz geri bildirimi hipotezi” denir; kökleri Charles Darwin'e ve William James'e uzanır. 1988'deki ünlü bir deneyde Fritz Strack ve arkadaşları, katılımcılara kalemi ya dişlerinin ya da dudaklarının arasında tutturdu. Kalemi dişlerle tutmak yüzü gülümsemeye zorlar, dudaklarla tutmak ise gülümsemeyi engeller. Kalemi dişleriyle tutanlar karikatürleri daha komik buldu. 2016'da on yedi laboratuvar bu deneyi birebir tekrarladı ve hiçbir etki bulamadı. 138 çalışmayı bir araya getiren 2019 tarihli bir inceleme ise etkinin gerçek ama küçük olduğu ve çalışmadan çalışmaya değiştiği sonucuna vardı. 2022'deki Many Smiles çalışmasını Nicholas Coles yürüttü; çalışmayı hipotezi savunanlarla ona kuşkuyla bakanlar birlikte tasarladı. Sonuçlara göre bilerek gülümsemek mutluluk duygusunu hem artırabiliyor hem de başlatabiliyordu; kalem yönteminin sonucu ise yine belirsiz kaldı.

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Background reading: Facial feedback hypothesis
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The word placebo is Latin for “I shall please”. One of the first clues that the effect is physical came in 1978, when Jon Levine and colleagues studied patients recovering from wisdom tooth removal. They gave them a placebo and naloxone, a drug that blocks the effect of endorphins, the body's own painkilling chemicals. In patients who had responded to the placebo, naloxone increased the pain, which suggested that the placebo relief came from endorphins. In 2004 Tor Wager and colleagues used brain scans to show that a placebo painkiller reduced activity in pain-processing regions during a painful stimulus. Expectation works the other way too: in the nocebo effect, from the Latin for “I shall harm”, expecting harm makes symptoms worse. None of this means the pain was imaginary, or that placebos can replace effective treatment.

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In 1884 the American philosopher and psychologist William James turned the usual order around in an essay called “What Is an Emotion?”. We do not tremble because we are afraid, he argued; we feel afraid because we tremble. The physiologist Walter Cannon attacked the idea in 1927, and the debate ran for decades, but modern research keeps finding the body at the heart of emotion. In 2014 Lauri Nummenmaa and colleagues in Finland asked 701 people to colour in body outlines to show where they felt activity rise or fall with different emotions. Most emotions showed up in the chest, where breathing and heartbeat change; anger and happiness also lit up the arms, sadness appeared as weakened arms and legs, and disgust centred on the throat and stomach. The maps were similar for Finnish, Swedish and Taiwanese participants.

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