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Telomeres are stretches of repeated DNA that cap the ends of chromosomes, a little like the plastic tips on shoelaces. They get shorter as many of our cells divide, but their length cannot predict how long a particular person will live.

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In the mid-1970s the Australian-born biologist Elizabeth Blackburn, working at Yale, found that chromosome ends carry a short DNA “word” repeated many times; in humans it is TTAGGG. She shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Carol Greider and Jack Szostak for showing how telomeres, and an enzyme called telomerase that rebuilds them, protect chromosomes. Each time most body cells divide, the copying machinery cannot quite reach the very end, so a little telomere is lost; when it gets too short, the cell stops dividing, which is why telomeres are often called a clock. But it is a poor clock for comparing people or species: mice have much longer telomeres than humans yet live only two or three years, and telomere length varies widely between people from birth. Many scientists therefore doubt commercial tests that claim to read your “biological age” from them.

Türkçe oku
Telomerler, kromozomların uçlarını kapatan koruyucu DNA bölgeleridir; ayakkabı bağcığının ucundaki plastik kılıfa benzetilirler. Aynı kısa DNA dizisinin defalarca yinelenmesinden oluşurlar ve vücuttaki hücrelerin çoğu bölündükçe kısalırlar. Ama uzunluklarına bakarak bir insanın ne kadar yaşayacağı söylenemez.

Avustralya doğumlu biyolog Elizabeth Blackburn, 1970'lerin ortasında Yale Üniversitesi'nde çalışırken, kromozom uçlarında kısa bir DNA “sözcüğünün” art arda defalarca yinelendiğini buldu; insanda bu sözcük TTAGGG'dir. Blackburn, 2009 Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü'nü Carol Greider ve Jack Szostak'la paylaştı; üçü, telomerlerin ve onları yeniden uzatan telomeraz enziminin kromozomları nasıl koruduğunu göstermişti. Vücut hücrelerinin çoğu her bölündüğünde, DNA'yı kopyalayan düzenek zincirin en ucuna yetişemez ve telomerden küçük bir parça eksilir. Telomer çok kısalınca hücre bölünmeyi bırakır; telomerlere saat denmesi bundandır. Ama bu saat, insanları ya da türleri karşılaştırmaya yaramaz: Farelerin telomerleri insanınkinden çok daha uzundur, yine de fareler ancak iki üç yıl yaşar. İnsanların telomer uzunluğu da doğuştan birbirinden çok farklıdır. Bu yüzden birçok bilim insanı, telomerlere bakarak “biyolojik yaşınızı” ölçtüğünü söyleyen ticari testlere kuşkuyla yaklaşır.

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Background reading: Telomere
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