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The Apollo Guidance Computer that steered astronauts to the Moon had about 4 kilobytes of rewritable memory and 72 kilobytes of permanent memory. Its programs were woven by hand into “rope memory”: a wire threaded through a tiny magnetic ring stored a 1, and a wire passing it by stored a 0.

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Designed at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory and built by Raytheon, the computer was one of the first to use silicon chips (integrated circuits) and fitted into about 28 litres. Its memory was counted in “words” of 16 bits, or binary digits: 2,048 rewritable and 36,864 permanent. During Apollo 11's descent on 20 July 1969 it flashed 1202 and 1201 alarms: a radar left on in case the landing had to be abandoned was stealing processing time and overloading it. Its operating system, designed by J. Halcombe Laning, dropped less urgent jobs and restarted in a moment while the landing programs kept running, so Mission Control told the crew to carry on. The flight software was written by a team led by Margaret Hamilton, who received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. Its power was similar to that of the first home computers of the late 1970s.

Türkçe oku
Apollo Yönlendirme Bilgisayarı, astronotları Ay'a götürürken yalnızca 4 kilobayt kadar yazılabilir, 72 kilobayt kadar da kalıcı bellekle çalışıyordu. Programlar belleğe elle örülerek işlenmişti: “Halat bellek” denen bu yöntemde tel minicik bir mıknatıs halkanın içinden geçiyorsa 1, yanından geçiyorsa 0 anlamına geliyordu.

Bilgisayarı MIT Enstrümantasyon Laboratuvarı tasarladı, Raytheon şirketi üretti. Silikon yongaları, yani entegre devreleri kullanan ilk bilgisayarlardan biriydi ve 28 litrelik bir hacme sığıyordu. Belleği, 16 bitlik, yani 16 ikili basamaktan oluşan “sözcüklerle” ölçülürdü: 2.048 yazılabilir, 36.864 kalıcı sözcük. Apollo 11, 20 Temmuz 1969'da Ay'a inerken bilgisayar 1202 ve 1201 alarmları verdi. İnişten vazgeçmek gerekirse diye bir radar açık bırakılmıştı; bu radar, bilgisayarın işlem zamanını boşuna harcayıp onu aşırı yüklüyordu. J. Halcombe Laning'in tasarladığı işletim sistemi, acil olmayan işleri bırakıp bir anda yeniden başladı; iniş programları ise çalışmayı sürdürdü. Bu yüzden Görev Kontrol Merkezi mürettebata inişe devam etmesini söyledi. Uçuş yazılımını Margaret Hamilton'ın yönettiği bir ekip yazmıştı; Hamilton 2016'da ABD'nin en yüksek sivil nişanlarından Başkanlık Özgürlük Madalyası'nı aldı. Bilgisayarın gücü, 1970'lerin sonundaki ilk ev bilgisayarlarınınkine yakındı.

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Background reading: Apollo Guidance Computer
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Sponge divers found the mechanism in 1901, a corroded lump among treasures from a Roman-era ship that sank off the Greek island of Antikythera around 70 to 60 BC. Its hand-turned bronze gears modelled the movements of the Sun and Moon, and it is called the oldest known analogue computer, a machine that calculates with moving parts rather than digits. The eclipse dial follows the Saros cycle: after 223 lunar months (new moon to new moon), about 18 years and 11 days, the Sun, Earth and Moon return to almost the same positions, so eclipses repeat in a similar pattern. Symbols in 51 of the dial's cells mark 38 lunar and 27 solar eclipses. Much of this was read only in the 2000s, when researchers including Mike Edmunds and Tony Freeth used X-ray scans to see inside the fragments. The front, which probably showed the planets, is largely lost.

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