History: quotes, facts and reflections - Page 19

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102Drive

79Stillness

563Wonder

Q1561

WonderHistory

In December 1900, a relief boat reached a lighthouse in the Outer Hebrides to find the lamp unlit, the table set, and all three keepers gone. No trace of them was ever found.

On the island of Eilean Mòr, everything was in order except the men. Two sets of oilskins were missing and one was left behind, and the logbook recorded severe storms — though weather records from nearby show the days were calm. The likeliest explanation is prosaic and grim: a freak wave sweeping the western landing while the men secured equipment, which would explain why one left without his coat. That has not stopped a century of speculation. The lighthouse was automated in 1971 and still stands.

Northern Lighthouse BoardRead card

Q1562

WonderHistory

The 1904 Olympic marathon was run in searing heat on dust roads with one water stop. The first man home had ridden 18 km in a car; the actual winner was carried over the line, having been dosed with strychnine and brandy by his own trainers.

Of 32 starters, 14 finished. Fred Lorz was hailed the winner before officials learned he had hitched a lift when his legs gave out, then rejoined on foot. Thomas Hicks was given strychnine — a stimulant in tiny doses, a poison in larger ones — mixed with brandy and egg white, and finished barely conscious. A Cuban runner, Félix Carvajal, had lost his money gambling, ran in cut-off trousers and street shoes, and stopped to eat orchard apples that made him ill. He still came fourth.

Olympic historyRead card

Q1563

WonderHistory

In 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis worked out that doctors were carrying death from the mortuary to the maternity ward on their hands. Washing them cut deaths tenfold. His colleagues rejected the idea, and he died in an asylum.

At the Vienna General Hospital, the ward staffed by doctors had a death rate several times that of the ward staffed by midwives. Semmelweis noticed the doctors came straight from performing autopsies, ordered handwashing in chlorinated lime, and watched mortality collapse. He could not explain why it worked — germ theory was still years away — and the profession took the implication, that they were the cause, as an insult. He was dismissed, declined, and died at 47 of an infection. Lister and Pasteur proved him right within two decades.

Medical historyRead card

Q1564

WonderHistory

In the 1920s young women painted glowing radium dials onto watches, shaping their brushes with their lips as instructed. When they began to fall ill, their fight for compensation helped create modern workplace safety law.

Radium paint made dials readable in the dark, and the work was well paid and thought glamorous — some workers painted their nails and teeth with it for a night out. Their employers knew the danger and protected their own chemists while telling the women it was harmless. Five of them, the 'Radium Girls' of New Jersey, sued while gravely ill. Their case established that workers could sue employers for occupational disease, shaped the safety standards that followed, and later informed the protection of Manhattan Project staff.

Labour historyRead card

Q1566

WonderTechnology

In 1983 an Air Canada jet ran out of fuel at 12,500 metres because someone had calculated the load in pounds instead of kilograms. The pilots glided it down and landed on a disused runway that had become a racetrack.

Canada had recently gone metric, and the fuelling sum was done with the old conversion factor, leaving the aircraft with about half the fuel it needed. Both engines stopped mid-flight. Captain Bob Pearson happened to be an experienced glider pilot; first officer Maurice Quintal remembered a former airbase at Gimli, Manitoba. It was now a drag-racing strip, with a race meeting under way. They landed the airliner on it, nose gear collapsed, and stopped short of the crowd. Nobody was seriously hurt.

Aviation historyRead card

Q1567

WonderHistory

In 1971 a lightning strike tore apart an airliner over Peru. Juliane Koepcke, seventeen, fell three kilometres still strapped to her seat, landed alive in the rainforest, and walked for eleven days to find help.

She was the only one of 92 aboard to survive, with a broken collarbone and a gashed arm. Her parents were biologists who had raised her at a jungle research station, and her father's advice saved her: follow water downstream, because moving water leads to people. She waded and floated for eleven days, keeping to the river, and reached a hut where lumber workers found her. Werner Herzog — who had narrowly missed that same flight — later made a documentary with her about it.

LANSA Flight 508Read card

Q1568

WonderHistory

In 1972 a bomb destroyed a Yugoslav airliner at 10,160 metres. Flight attendant Vesna Vulović fell in a section of the fuselage, landed in deep snow, and survived — the highest fall without a parachute anyone is known to have walked away from.

She was 22 and was not even meant to be on the flight — a scheduling mix-up put her aboard in place of another Vesna. Being trapped in a fuselage section, wedged by a food trolley, is thought to have slowed her fall, and the snow-covered slope she hit did the rest. She was in a coma for days and paralysed from the waist down for a time, but eventually walked again. She remembered nothing of the fall, and said afterwards she was never frightened of flying.

Guinness World RecordsRead card

Q1569

WonderHistory

In 1848 a railway explosion drove a metre-long iron rod through Phineas Gage's skull. He survived, walked and talked — but those who knew him said his character had changed, and modern neuroscience began.

The tamping iron entered under his cheekbone and exited through the top of his head, destroying much of his left frontal lobe. He was conscious within minutes and back on his feet in weeks. Reports that he became impulsive and unreliable were the first strong evidence that specific regions of the brain govern personality and judgement, not just movement and speech. Later scholars think the 'no longer Gage' story was exaggerated — he went on to work as a stagecoach driver in Chile, which takes considerable competence.

Neuroscience historyRead card

Q1571

WonderTechnology

In 1913 a Sheffield metallurgist was trying to make gun barrels last longer. His experiment failed and the samples went on the scrap pile — where he noticed weeks later that one of them had not rusted.

Harry Brearley left school at twelve and taught himself chemistry in the evenings. Adding chromium to steel had not solved the erosion problem he was hired to fix, so the offcuts were discarded. Passing the heap later, he saw one sample still bright while the rest had gone brown — chromium forms an invisible oxide film that seals the surface. He saw at once that it belonged in cutlery rather than artillery. Sheffield called it 'rustless steel' at first, and the world eventually settled on stainless.

Invention historyRead card

Q1578

WonderHistory

Britain searched for Franklin's lost Arctic ships for 170 years. They were finally found in 2014 and 2016, close to where Inuit oral accounts had always said they would be.

Franklin's 1845 expedition vanished with 129 men while seeking the Northwest Passage. Victorian search parties dismissed Inuit testimony describing where a ship had sunk and where starving sailors had walked. Those accounts, passed down for generations, turned out to be accurate: Erebus was located in 2014 and Terror in 2016, both in the areas Inuit knowledge indicated. The wrecks are remarkably preserved in cold water — divers have found plates still stacked in cupboards — and the search is now a case study in taking indigenous knowledge seriously.

Parks CanadaRead card

Q1579

WonderArt

The Amber Room was a chamber lined entirely in carved amber, gold and mirrors, called the eighth wonder of the world. German troops dismantled and shipped it in 1941, and it has not been seen since.

Built in Prussia and given to Russia's Peter the Great, it covered 55 square metres in six tonnes of amber lit by candles, glowing gold. During the invasion of the Soviet Union it was crated up and taken to Königsberg, and the trail ends there — burnt in the 1944 bombing, sunk on a ship, or hidden in a mine, depending on which theory you follow. Hunters still search. A full reconstruction, taking 24 years and using the original methods, opened near St Petersburg in 2003.

Art historyRead card

Q1580

WonderArt

Accused of selling a Dutch national treasure to the Nazis, Han van Meegeren faced execution for treason. His defence was that the painting was not a Vermeer at all — it was his own forgery. To prove it, he painted another one in his cell.

Van Meegeren was a mediocre painter dismissed by critics, so he set out to fool them. He aged canvases, mixed period pigments and baked his work to crack the varnish, then sold 'lost Vermeers' to the greatest experts of the day. One reached Hermann Göring. After the war that made him a collaborator, so he confessed to the lesser crime of fraud — and the court made him paint under supervision to check. He was convicted of forgery and became, briefly, a folk hero for having swindled the Reich.

Art historyRead card

Q1581

WonderHistory

In July 1518 a woman began dancing in the streets of Strasbourg and could not stop. Within a month around 400 people had joined her, some dancing until they dropped. Nobody has fully explained it.

The city's records are clear that it happened; physicians of the day concluded it was 'hot blood' and — disastrously — prescribed more dancing, hiring musicians and clearing halls. Explanations since have included ergot poisoning from mouldy rye and mass psychogenic illness brought on by famine, disease and dread. The second fits better: the region had endured years of hunger and plague, and stress-driven outbreaks of this kind are documented elsewhere. It is a reminder that the mind can produce physical epidemics.

Medical historyRead card

Q1582

WonderHistory

After a munitions ship exploded in Halifax harbour in 1917, Boston sent doctors and supplies overnight. Nova Scotia has sent Boston a Christmas tree nearly every year since.

The blast was the largest man-made explosion before nuclear weapons — roughly 2,000 people died and a square mile of the city was flattened. Boston's relief train left within hours, through a blizzard, arriving with medical staff before many Canadian teams could. Halifax sent a tree in thanks the following Christmas, and revived the gesture permanently in 1971. Every year Nova Scotia picks a large spruce and ships it to Boston Common, where it is lit in early December — a thank-you note over a century long.

HistoryRead card

Q1583

WonderHistory

In 897 Pope Stephen VI had the body of Pope Formosus dug up, dressed in papal robes and propped on a throne to stand trial. A deacon was made to answer on the corpse's behalf. It was found guilty.

Formosus had been dead for months. The charges were political — the papacy was a prize fought over by Roman factions — and the verdict stripped him of his titles, annulled his acts and had three fingers removed from his right hand, the ones used in blessing. The body was thrown into the Tiber. Public revulsion was such that Stephen was imprisoned and strangled within the year, and later popes annulled the trial. It remains the strangest proceeding in the history of the Church.

HistoryRead card

Q1584

WonderHistory

In 1918 nearly 200 American soldiers were trapped behind German lines and being shelled by their own artillery. A homing pigeon called Cher Ami flew 40 km through fire, shot through the breast, to deliver the message that stopped it.

The 'Lost Battalion' had sent two earlier birds; both were shot down. Cher Ami got through despite being hit, arriving blinded in one eye with a leg hanging by a tendon and the message capsule still attached to it. The barrage lifted and 194 men were rescued. Army medics saved the bird and carved it a small wooden leg. Cher Ami was awarded the French Croix de Guerre and is preserved at the Smithsonian, where it has been on display for over a century.

Military historyRead card

Q1585

WonderHistory

In twelfth-century Suffolk, villagers found a boy and girl with green-tinged skin who spoke an unknown language and would eat nothing but raw beans. The girl grew up, married locally, and said they had come from a land with no sun.

Two independent chroniclers, Ralph of Coggeshall and William of Newburgh, recorded the story within living memory of the events. The boy sickened and died; the girl learned English, lost her colour once she ate a wider diet, and settled. The likeliest reading is not magic but hunger: green skin fits severe malnutrition, and the children may have been Flemish orphans, speaking an unfamiliar tongue after their community was scattered. It is one of the few English folk tales with sober medieval sources behind it.

Medieval chroniclesRead card

Q1586

WonderTechnology

In 1938 Douglas Corrigan was refused permission to fly the Atlantic. He took off from New York saying he was going to California, and landed 28 hours later in Dublin, claiming he had misread his compass. Nobody believed him, and nobody minded.

Corrigan had helped build Lindbergh's Spirit of St Louis and had been applying for years to make his own crossing; his patched-up aircraft was repeatedly judged unfit. So he filed for a transcontinental flight, pointed the nose east into the cloud, and turned up in Ireland. Officials suspended his licence for precisely the length of his voyage home. America adored him — he got a ticker-tape parade bigger than Lindbergh's — and he maintained the compass story, straight-faced, for the rest of his life.

Aviation historyRead card

Q1588

WonderOcean

In 1872 the Mary Celeste was found drifting in the Atlantic in good order, with cargo intact, food in the galley and the crew's belongings untouched. The ten people aboard were never seen again.

Her lifeboat was missing and the last log entry was nine days old, which points to an orderly evacuation rather than violence. The best explanation is that fumes from the cargo of industrial alcohol frightened the captain into a temporary abandonment — the ship was towed behind on a rope that then parted, leaving them adrift while the vessel sailed serenely on. Popular retelling turned it into a ghost story, helped by a young Arthur Conan Doyle, whose lurid short story fixed the legend in the public mind.

Maritime historyRead card

Q1589

WonderHistory

In 1939 Basil Brown, an excavator with no formal training, traced the outline of a 27-metre Anglo-Saxon ship in a Suffolk mound. The timber had rotted away centuries earlier — only the iron rivets held the shape of the hull in the sand.

Landowner Edith Pretty had a hunch about the mounds on her estate and hired Brown, a Suffolk man who had taught himself archaeology from books. What he uncovered was the burial of an Anglo-Saxon king, probably Rædwald of East Anglia, complete with the great iron helmet now on every book cover about the period. It rewrote England's 'Dark Ages' as a time of gold, trade and craft. Brown's role was minimised for years; the British Museum now credits him properly.

British MuseumRead card

Q1590

WonderHistory

In 2009 Terry Herbert took a borrowed metal detector into a Staffordshire field and found the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever discovered — over 3,500 pieces, almost all of it war gear.

Herbert had been detecting for eighteen years without much to show for it. Over five days the field kept giving up gold: sword fittings, helmet fragments, garnet inlay of astonishing fineness. Valued at £3.285 million, the sum was split between him and the landowner under English treasure law. What makes it strange is the contents — hardly any jewellery or coins, almost entirely the stripped decoration of weapons, as though someone had methodically emptied the spoils of a battlefield and buried them.

Birmingham MuseumsRead card

Q1592

WonderHistory

When his ship was torpedoed in 1942, Poon Lim drifted alone on a wooden raft in the South Atlantic for 133 days, catching fish with a hook made from a torch spring. It is still the longest recorded solo survival at sea.

A Chinese steward on a British merchant ship, Lim found a raft with a few tins of biscuit and some water. When those ran out he improvised: a fish hook from a torch spring, a knife from a biscuit tin, a canvas canopy to catch rain. He taught himself to swim to keep his strength. Ships and aircraft passed without seeing him. Brazilian fishermen found him at last, and he had lost only about nine kilos. He said afterwards he hoped no one would ever have to break his record.

Maritime historyRead card

Q1597

WonderHistory

When Alfred Nobel's brother died in 1888, a French paper is said to have mistaken it for Alfred's death and called him a merchant of death who grew rich finding new ways to kill. He is said to have read it, and rewritten his will.

Nobel invented dynamite, held 355 patents and owned armaments works, so the charge would have stung. The famous version of events is worth holding loosely: no original copy of the obituary has ever been found, and the Nobel Foundation notes he had been thinking about prizes for decades and was influenced by his friendship with the peace campaigner Bertha von Suttner. What is certain is the will he signed in 1895, leaving almost his whole fortune to reward those who had conferred the greatest benefit on humankind.

HistoryRead card

Q1598

WonderHistory

In 1962 a Soviet submarine near Cuba, out of radio contact and under depth charges, prepared to fire a nuclear torpedo. Three officers had to agree. One, Vasili Arkhipov, said no.

Submarine B-59 had been submerged for days in stifling heat, its batteries failing, when American ships began dropping practice charges to force it up. The crew could not know the war had not already started. The captain and political officer agreed to launch; Arkhipov, second in command of the flotilla, held out and talked them into surfacing instead. The West did not learn his name until 2002. He was not decorated for it, and the day is now sometimes called the closest the world came to nuclear war.

National Security ArchiveRead card